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''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==
''Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,〔Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85.〕 and wateroat.〔Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156.〕 This grass is its only known host.〔Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.〕
''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''〔Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50.〕 (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'')〔 and ''jiaobai'' in China.〔Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508.〕 Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.〔Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02.〕 The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long.〔 This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China,〔 at least 400 years.〔Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.〕 It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,〔You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54.〕 and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.〔Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR.〕 The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.〔
When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.〔 The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.〔
If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop.〔〔 Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.〔
Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease.〔 The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.〔Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.〕
This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species.〔 Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.〔Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
'Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==
''Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,〔Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85.〕 and wateroat.〔Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156.〕 This grass is its only known host.〔Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.〕
''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''〔Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50.〕 (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'')〔 and ''jiaobai'' in China.〔Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508.〕 Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.〔Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02.〕 The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long.〔 This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China,〔 at least 400 years.〔Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.〕 It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,〔You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54.〕 and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.〔Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR.〕 The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.〔
When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.〔 The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.〔
If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop.〔〔 Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.〔
Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease.〔 The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.〔Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.〕
This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species.〔 Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.〔Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==
''Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,〔Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85.〕 and wateroat.〔Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156.〕 This grass is its only known host.〔Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.〕
''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''〔Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50.〕 (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'')〔 and ''jiaobai'' in China.〔Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508.〕 Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.〔Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02.〕 The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long.〔 This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China,〔 at least 400 years.〔Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.〕 It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,〔You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54.〕 and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.〔Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR.〕 The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.〔
When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.〔 The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.〔
If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop.〔〔 Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.〔
Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease.〔 The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.〔Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.〕
This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species.〔 Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.〔Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
'Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
'Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==">ウィキペディアで「'''''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==">ウィキペディアで「''Ustilago esculenta''''' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
'Ustilago esculenta'' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
' is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia''), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). (''Zizania latifolia'' and ''Ustilago esculenta'', a grass-fungus association. ) ''Economic Botany'' 36(3) 274–85. and wateroat.Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). (PCR-mediated detection of ''Ustilago esculenta'' in wateroat (''Zizania latifolia'') by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. ) ''Plant Pathology Bulletin'' 8 149–156. This grass is its only known host.Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(2) 246–52.''Zizania latifolia'' is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called ''gau-soon'' and ''kal-peh-soon''Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). (Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4(6) 744–50. (also, ''gau sun'' and ''kah peh sung'') and ''jiaobai'' in China.Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). (Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between ''Ustilago esculenta'' and ''Zizania latifolia''. ) ''Mycological Progress'' 11(2) 499–508. Its Japanese name is ''makomotake''.Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). (Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, ''Zizania latifolia'' infected with ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry'' 70(11) 2800-02. The galled section of the stem is wide and up to long. This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China, at least 400 years.Oritani, Y., et al. (Manchurian wild rice (''Zizania latifolia'') infected with ''Ustilago esculenta'' stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ) ''ISHS Acta Horticulturae'' 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007. It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,You, W., et al. (2011). (Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Current Microbiology'' 62 44–54. and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.Yamaguchi, M. 1990. (Asian Vegetables. ) pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. ''Advances in New Crops''. Timber Press, Portland, OR. The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy. The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop. Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). (Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus ''Ustilago esculenta''. ) ''Thorax'' 51 650–51.This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species. Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested ''Z. latifolia'' was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.Watson, T., et al. (1991). (Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by ''Ustilago esculenta'' in California. ) ''Plant Dis.'' 75 1075.==References==」の詳細全文を読む
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